Archive for the ‘history’ Category

Star City and the Baikonur Cosmodrome

Thursday, May 17th, 2012

We don’t see a lot of pictures of Russia’s space launch centre, the Baikonur Cosmodrome, despite the fact that it’s now the world’s primary manned spaceflight centre. The Atlantic’s Big Picture blog has a great series of photos from  Baikonur and the cosmonaut training centre, Star City, featuring preparation for and launches to the International Space Station.

Earlier today, a Soyuz-FG rocket lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carrying an International Space Station (ISS) crew into orbit. Baikonur, Russia’s primary space launch facility since the 1950s, is the largest in the world, and supports multiple launches of both manned and unmanned rockets every year. With the U.S. manned space program currently on hold, Baikonur is now the sole launching point for trips to the ISS. Gathered here is a look at the facility, some of the cosmonaut training programs in Star City outside of Moscow, and a few recent launches and landings — plus a bonus: 3 spectacular long-exposure images of Earth from the ISS.

It’s amazing to see these photos considering how secretive the early days of the Soviet space program were.

The Humble Origins of the HTML Blink Tag

Saturday, April 21st, 2012

The blink tag may be the most despised piece of HTML ever to be coded. Those who hate it will be happy to know that it’s gone from the HTML5 specification. Others may not be so happy and will be forced to work around its lack with Javascript. Gizmodo has a first-hand account of the birth of the blink tag by its inventor, Lou Montulli.

I am widely credited as the inventor of the Blink tag. For those of you who are relatively new to the Web, the Blink tag is an HTML command that causes text to blink, and many, many people find its behavior to be extremely annoying. I won’t deny the invention, but there is a bit more to the story than is widely known.

Back in 1994 I was a founding engineer at Netscape, prior to that I had written the Lynx browser, which predated all of the other popular browsers at that time. Lynx had been and still is a text only browser and is commonly used in a console window on UNIX machines. At Netscape we were building software that used a graphical user interface and could express vastly more text styles and layouts as well as images and other media. We spent a lot of time thinking about the future of the web and new technologies that would enable new classes of documents, applications and uses. A few examples of those thoughts were, HTML Tables, SSL for secure communications, Plugins for extensions, and JavaScript to enable dynamic HTML.

Titanic at 100 years

Monday, April 9th, 2012

The `100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic is later this week and the hype has already started. Atlantic’s Big Picture blog has a collection of pictures about the Titanic, including a few that will be in the April edition of National Geographic. There were quite a few that I’ve never seen before.

The sinking of the RMS Titanic caused the deaths of 1,517 of its 2,229 passengers and crew (official numbers vary slightly) in one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. The 712 survivors were taken aboard the RMS Carpathia. Few disasters have had such resonance and far-reaching effects on the fabric of society as the sinking of the Titanic. It affected attitudes toward social injustice, altered the way the North Atlantic passenger trade was conducted, changed the regulations for numbers of lifeboats carried aboard passenger vessels and created an International Ice Patrol (where commercial ships crossing the North Atlantic still, today, radio in their positions and ice sightings). The 1985 discovery of the Titanic wreck on the ocean floor marked a turning point for public awareness of the ocean and for the development of new areas of science and technology. April 15, 2012 will mark the 100th anniversary of the Titanic disaster. It has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory kept alive by numerous books, films, exhibits and memorials.

Remembering Project Gemini

Friday, April 6th, 2012

Here’s a bit of space history for you – a very nice photo essay on Project Gemini.

Fifty years ago, NASA began a program called Project Gemini, developing deep space travel techniques and equipment to prepare for the upcoming Apollo program. Two unmanned and ten manned missions were flown, and astronauts and engineers accomplished hundreds of goals, including the first American spacewalk, a 14-day endurance test in orbit, space docking, and the highest-ever manned orbit at 1,369 km (850 mi). After the project ended in 1966, many Gemini astronauts brought their experiences with them as they went on to fly Apollo missions to the Moon. Collected here are remarkable images of Project Gemini half a century ago — some beautiful, some technical, and a few surprisingly intimate.

I got in trouble at school over Project Gemini. I was in science class and listening to one of the launches on my little orange Sony transistor radio with it’s tinny little single earplug speaker. The teacher didn’t say anything at the time, but I got called out the next day, so I figure one of the other kids in the class must have said something. He thought I was listening to a baseball game, but I really was listening to s apace launch and figured that was a perfectly valid use of my time in a science class. I probably just should have asked him if I could listen – it wasn’t like I was missing anything as I was carrying something like a 95 percent average.

Apollo 11 booster found at the bottom of the Atlantic

Friday, March 30th, 2012

Jeff Bezon’ other company. Blue Origin, has found the first stage of the Apollo 11 Saturn V booster on the floor of the Atlantic. It’s not quite as historic as finding the Titanic, but still cool. The Saturn V was the most powerful rocket successfully launched (the Soviet N-1 was more powerful, but all four launch attempts failed) and the first stage was immense -about 33 feet in diameter. I read somewhere that if it had been launched by itself, without payload, it could have made orbit on its own.

Apparently they plan to try to recover one of the engines. I don’t know what shape they’ll be in after hitting the ocean and being submerged in salt water for more than 40 years, but it’ll be interesting to find out.

Satellite archaeology

Tuesday, March 27th, 2012

Archaeologists are using a new technique to discover traces of human habitation in the Middle East going back 8,000 years. They’re using satellites to look for anthrosol, a type of soil that forms in the presence of human activity. Archaeologists have used satellite imagery before, but this technique covers a wider area and can be automated.

The new method of aerial analysis relies on the detection of anthrosol, a distinctive type of soil that forms in the presence of long-term human activity. Anthrosols have a subtle but distinctive color, and are richer in organic matter than surrounding soils — a fact that archeologists have been using for years to search for settlements at the ground level. But Ur and Menze took the search for anthrosols to the sky, with the help of multi-spectral satellite images.

Multi-spectral imagery, explains Ur, is useful for distinguishing different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including those wavelengths that our eye’s can’t see:

A black and white photograph takes all of the wavelengths visible to us and blends them together. A color image shows them as combinations of red, green, and blue. Multispectral imagery… can see larger wavelengths like the near-infrared and beyond. The soils atop archaeological sites can be sensitive in both the visible and infrared ranges.

Neat. Somebody was thinking. Their initial crack at this has discovered something like 14,000 previously unknown settlements. The map they’ve created, showing settlements and trade routes, is striking and beautiful.

Middle East settlements

I really like this story, as it shows how modern, high-technology science can help to make discoveries in fields like history, that are often thought of as being non-technical.